Metal-lattice plasma and nuclear fusion
The role metal lattice plasma could play in Cold Fusion
Stanislaw A. Surma: a@*, Mohammad M. Allaham: bc, Antoni Ciszewski: a&, Marwan S. Mousa: d
a University of Wroclaw, Institute of Experimental Physics, Plac Maxa Borna 9, 50-204 Wroclaw, Poland
b Institute of Scientific Instruments of Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
c Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
d Department of Physics, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan
@ emeritus Specialist; Dr n. fiz.
& emeritus Prof. Dr hab.
*corresponding author, e-mail: stan.surma5@gmail.com
Abstract
In this research, discussion will include the effect of Cold nuclear Fusion (CF) which was claimed by Fleischmann and Pons in 1989, had not been backed by theory, and initially appeared to be impossible [1]. The conventional nuclear fusion is to produce the ‘clean’ electric energy, but feasible projects are still aiming at future implementation. The low cost CF option has been a delayed topic, but studies of CF associated effects such as those for solid state accelerators are proceeding at some research centers. Pines’ group have reported results of theoretical investigation of D-D fusion reactions in the cold fuel absorbed into metal crystal lattices. Also the Widom-Larsen neutron theory has shown the possibility of neutron-catalyzed LENR effect [2]. A new metamaterial design of thin metallic wires in a threedimensional lattice with the period of order of millimeters for far infrared optics applications was proposed by Pendry’s group in 1996. Shapiro’s group proposed a three-dim metallic wire lattice for solid state accelerator applications. In 1997, Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann and Mayers’ group reported their experimental evidence for thermal neutron capture in heavy water. In 2016, Mironov claimed that Ni and Cu underwent nuclear conversion under highvoltage bombardment of the cathode [3]. Basing on such results and former ones of ours (Mousa’s group from the 1980s), we anticipate that the low-temperature plasma in a metallic wire structure coated with catalytic films or powders next deuterated, can play an essential role in some CF associated effects such as photodissociation of deuterons. We also suggest that the metal-lattice confinement fusion in the H and/or D water could occur by using the Shapiro nets. Those might be irradiated or bombarded, owing to the properties of the bicomponent metal lattice plasma (MLP) as the medium of electric charge and energy carriers, with local electron number densities of ~1029 per cubic meter and fields ~100 GV/m at the polarized surface.
Unabridged article
Introduction Authors of this paper are trying to evaluate the energy sources problem from own point of view. Energy security and eco-safety crisis escalates from the turn of 20th century and causes seeking a safe and eco-friendly energy very urgent. Global 2019 energy output of high carbon sources (oil + coal + gas) was ca 84 % vs. the 16 % of low-carbon sources with a 4.3 % by nuclear ones [4]. Fossil fuel must be gradually reduced. Progress goes in employing the ‘green’ energy sources, but environmental pollution still grows in their full life cycle including production stage. Meanwhile, nuclear power plants cause problems of harmful nuclear waste storage and in safety issues. All nuclear power plants in Germany go into liquidation at the present time (although, extension of few years for some plants is done as energy sources are getting sort of scarce). Best solution to those problems may come from Cold nuclear Fusion or Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (CF/LENR) [5]. H and D isotopes in water or D2O could be the clean and inexhaustible fuel. The CF option may ensure low-cost electricity and power for industry, household and transport on the ground, by sea, air. We shall briefly present a background to a template for experimental studies. The room-temperature CF effect of deuterium, during electrolysis in a calorimeter set filled with D2O solutions of alkaline salts, claimed by Fleischmann and Pons [1] was based on investigating the anomalous cathodic sorption of H into Pd crystal lattice. At same time, a rival Jones’ group announced own results [6]. Next, inventors as Cravens and Rossi submitted patents on CF based devices. Attempts to confirm the effect by other workers yielded rather unreproducible positive and negative results. The effect seemed impossible until theoretical papers had appeared [2]; Pines-Steinetz’ group performed theoretical and experimental work [2]. Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann et al. reported their experimental evidence for thermal neutron capture in D2O [5], the discovery gave the premise of room-temperature fusion. Solid state accelerators with intrinsic electrostatic fields offer an alternative to the magnetic field or inertial confinement of energetic particles to obtain nuclear fusion. In the 2000s, Geuther-Danon’s group investigated D-absorbed pyroelectric crystals as the high energy X-ray and neutron sources for medical applications; Putterman et al. of UCLA observed nuclear fusion occurring in pyroelectric devices via thermal excitation of the crystal [5]. Metamaterial useful to apply as ray sheathing lenses, was proposed by Pendry; Shapiro et al. employed the concept to an artificial structure of three-dim metallic wire lattice for electron acceleration [7].
Summary Latham and Mousa noted the electron field-emission spectral shift due to the metal/insulator mechanism of electron emission from needle metamaterial; Mousa studied the H gas discharge plasma in needle arrays [8]. Then, based on electron workfunction available data we proposed the screened electrostatic potential. We conclude that MLP in Shapiro three-dim wire nets can promote room-temperature CF [9].
Essays by Erik Rakhou and Rosa Puentes show the actual production and applications of H fuel [10]. N.B. Reactor volume of ca. 103 cm3 (calorimeter size) can contain ~1 g of deuterium vs. 1 mg in the typical inertial confinement plasma huge volume.
CF of H or D nuclei may fatally affect the global economy, transport and military factors. Thus, the U.S. DOE accepted a report by the CF Panel of E.R.A.B. (affected by co-chair Huyzenga's viewpoint) in 1989 to suspend the topic.
Conclusion We suggest the MLP plasma in the artificial net covered with deuterated films or Ni, Cu powders may play a catalytic role in the metal lattice confinement fusion. Properties of MLP would allow for attaining an arbitrarily large amount of fusion excess enthalpy. The low-temperature MLP in the Shapiro nets could promote CF-associated effects like photodissociation of deuterons at room temperature.
Acknowledgement: S.A.S. thanks Dr. Jan Szymanski the biologist for advice, and Mr. Grzegorz Michalowski for discussions on perovskite solar cells. M.M.A. thanks Dr. Knápek for discussions and advice.
REFEREENCES
[1] Fleischmann, Pons, Hawkins: errata, J. Electroanal. Chem., 263, 187–188 (1989).
[2] Pines et al.: Phys. Rev. C 101, 044609 (2020); Phys. Rev. C 101, 044610 (2020); Widom, Larsen: Eur. Phys. J. C 46, 107–111 (2006).
[3] CF work in Russia, https://lenr.su/
[4] Our World in Data, https://lnkd.in/dc9MSVjH
[5] Library https://lenr-canr.org/ ; Cf. Naranjo, Gimzewski, Putterman: Nature 434, 1115–1117 (2005); Geuther, Danon: J. Appl. Phys. 97, 104916 (2005); Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann et al: Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2839 (1997).
[6] Jones et al.: Nature, 338, 737–740 (1989).
[7] Pendry, Schurig, Smith: Science, 312, 1780–1782 (2006). Cf. Leonhardt: Science, 312, 1777–1780 (2006). Cf. Shapiro et al.: Optics Lett. 31, 2051–2053 (2006).
[8] Allaham et al.: J. Electr. Eng. 71, 37–42 (2020; Mousa: Vacuum, 45, 235-239 (1994); Mousa, Karpowicz, Surma: Vacuum, 45, 249–254 (1994); Latham, Mousa: J. Phys. D:Appl.Phys. 19, 699–713 (1986).
[9] Surma, Brona, Ciszewski: Mater. Sci.–Poland, 36, 225–234 (2018); ibid.: 33, 430–444 (2015); Surma: phys. stat. sol.(a) 183, 307–322 (2001); Kozlowski, Surma: J. Physique, 48, C6–27 (1987). Cf. Artsimovich: Elementarnaya fizika plazmy, Atomizdat, Moskva 1969.
[10] Rakhou, Puentes: The future is Hydrogen – Jules Verne’s style travel blog across the globe, https://lnkd.in/d5RJch74
[11] Cold Fusion Times https://lnkd.in/dy4g_KGa ; Cf. Cold Fusion: Advances in Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, edited by J.-P. Biberian, (Elsevier, 2020); eBook ISBN: 9780128159453.
[12] critique: Ball: Nature 569, 601 (2019); Josephson: Nature 490, 37 (2012); Ball: Nature 489, 34 (2012); Huizenga: Cold Fusion The Scientific Fiasco of the Century (Oxford U. Press, NY 1993); Schwinger: Prog. Theor. Phys. 85,711 (1991).
The role metal lattice plasma could play in Cold Fusion
Stanislaw A. Surma: a@*, Mohammad M. Allaham: bc, Antoni Ciszewski: a&, Marwan S. Mousa: da University of Wroclaw, Institute of Experimental Physics, Plac Maxa Borna 9, 50-204 Wroclaw, Poland
b Institute of Scientific Instruments of Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
c Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
d Department of Physics, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan
@ emeritus Specialist; Dr n. fiz.
& emeritus Prof. Dr hab.
*corresponding author, e-mail: stan.surma5@gmail.com
Abstract
In this research, discussion will include the effect of Cold nuclear Fusion (CF) which was claimed by Fleischmann and Pons in 1989, had not been backed by theory, and initially appeared to be impossible [1]. The conventional nuclear fusion is to produce the ‘clean’ electric energy, but feasible projects are still aiming at future implementation. The low cost CF option has been a delayed topic, but studies of CF associated effects such as those for solid state accelerators are proceeding at some research centers. Pines’ group have reported results of theoretical investigation of D-D fusion reactions in the cold fuel absorbed into metal crystal lattices. Also the Widom-Larsen neutron theory has shown the possibility of neutron-catalyzed LENR effect [2]. A new metamaterial design of thin metallic wires in a threedimensional lattice with the period of order of millimeters for far infrared optics applications was proposed by Pendry’s group in 1996. Shapiro’s group proposed a three-dim metallic wire lattice for solid state accelerator applications. In 1997, Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann and Mayers’ group reported their experimental evidence for thermal neutron capture in heavy water. In 2016, Mironov claimed that Ni and Cu underwent nuclear conversion under highvoltage bombardment of the cathode [3]. Basing on such results and former ones of ours (Mousa’s group from the 1980s), we anticipate that the low-temperature plasma in a metallic wire structure coated with catalytic films or powders next deuterated, can play an essential role in some CF associated effects such as photodissociation of deuterons. We also suggest that the metal-lattice confinement fusion in the H and/or D water could occur by using the Shapiro nets. Those might be irradiated or bombarded, owing to the properties of the bicomponent metal lattice plasma (MLP) as the medium of electric charge and energy carriers, with local electron number densities of ~1029 per cubic meter and fields ~100 GV/m at the polarized surface.
Unabridged article
Introduction Authors of this paper are trying to evaluate the energy sources problem from own point of view. Energy security and eco-safety crisis escalates from the turn of 20th century and causes seeking a safe and eco-friendly energy very urgent. Global 2019 energy output of high carbon sources (oil + coal + gas) was ca 84 % vs. the 16 % of low-carbon sources with a 4.3 % by nuclear ones [4]. Fossil fuel must be gradually reduced. Progress goes in employing the ‘green’ energy sources, but environmental pollution still grows in their full life cycle including production stage. Meanwhile, nuclear power plants cause problems of harmful nuclear waste storage and in safety issues. All nuclear power plants in Germany go into liquidation at the present time (although, extension of few years for some plants is done as energy sources are getting sort of scarce). Best solution to those problems may come from Cold nuclear Fusion or Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (CF/LENR) [5]. H and D isotopes in water or D2O could be the clean and inexhaustible fuel. The CF option may ensure low-cost electricity and power for industry, household and transport on the ground, by sea, air. We shall briefly present a background to a template for experimental studies. The room-temperature CF effect of deuterium, during electrolysis in a calorimeter set filled with D2O solutions of alkaline salts, claimed by Fleischmann and Pons [1] was based on investigating the anomalous cathodic sorption of H into Pd crystal lattice. At same time, a rival Jones’ group announced own results [6]. Next, inventors as Cravens and Rossi submitted patents on CF based devices. Attempts to confirm the effect by other workers yielded rather unreproducible positive and negative results. The effect seemed impossible until theoretical papers had appeared [2]; Pines-Steinetz’ group performed theoretical and experimental work [2]. Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann et al. reported their experimental evidence for thermal neutron capture in D2O [5], the discovery gave the premise of room-temperature fusion. Solid state accelerators with intrinsic electrostatic fields offer an alternative to the magnetic field or inertial confinement of energetic particles to obtain nuclear fusion. In the 2000s, Geuther-Danon’s group investigated D-absorbed pyroelectric crystals as the high energy X-ray and neutron sources for medical applications; Putterman et al. of UCLA observed nuclear fusion occurring in pyroelectric devices via thermal excitation of the crystal [5]. Metamaterial useful to apply as ray sheathing lenses, was proposed by Pendry; Shapiro et al. employed the concept to an artificial structure of three-dim metallic wire lattice for electron acceleration [7].
Summary Latham and Mousa noted the electron field-emission spectral shift due to the metal/insulator mechanism of electron emission from needle metamaterial; Mousa studied the H gas discharge plasma in needle arrays [8]. Then, based on electron workfunction available data we proposed the screened electrostatic potential. We conclude that MLP in Shapiro three-dim wire nets can promote room-temperature CF [9].
Essays by Erik Rakhou and Rosa Puentes show the actual production and applications of H fuel [10]. N.B. Reactor volume of ca. 103 cm3 (calorimeter size) can contain ~1 g of deuterium vs. 1 mg in the typical inertial confinement plasma huge volume.
Conclusion We suggest the MLP plasma in the artificial net covered with deuterated films or Ni, Cu powders may play a catalytic role in the metal lattice confinement fusion. Properties of MLP would allow for attaining an arbitrarily large amount of fusion excess enthalpy. The low-temperature MLP in the Shapiro nets could promote CF-associated effects like photodissociation of deuterons at room temperature.
Acknowledgement: S.A.S. thanks Dr. Jan Szymanski the biologist for advice, and Mr. Grzegorz Michalowski for discussions on perovskite solar cells. M.M.A. thanks Dr. Knápek for discussions and advice.
REFEREENCES
[1] Fleischmann, Pons, Hawkins: errata, J. Electroanal. Chem., 263, 187–188 (1989).
[2] Pines et al.: Phys. Rev. C 101, 044609 (2020); Phys. Rev. C 101, 044610 (2020); Widom, Larsen: Eur. Phys. J. C 46, 107–111 (2006).
[3] CF work in Russia, https://lenr.su/
[4] Our World in Data, https://lnkd.in/dc9MSVjH
[5] Library https://lenr-canr.org/ ; Cf. Naranjo, Gimzewski, Putterman: Nature 434, 1115–1117 (2005); Geuther, Danon: J. Appl. Phys. 97, 104916 (2005); Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann et al: Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2839 (1997).
[6] Jones et al.: Nature, 338, 737–740 (1989).
[7] Pendry, Schurig, Smith: Science, 312, 1780–1782 (2006). Cf. Leonhardt: Science, 312, 1777–1780 (2006). Cf. Shapiro et al.: Optics Lett. 31, 2051–2053 (2006).
[8] Allaham et al.: J. Electr. Eng. 71, 37–42 (2020; Mousa: Vacuum, 45, 235-239 (1994); Mousa, Karpowicz, Surma: Vacuum, 45, 249–254 (1994); Latham, Mousa: J. Phys. D:Appl.Phys. 19, 699–713 (1986).
[9] Surma, Brona, Ciszewski: Mater. Sci.–Poland, 36, 225–234 (2018); ibid.: 33, 430–444 (2015); Surma: phys. stat. sol.(a) 183, 307–322 (2001); Kozlowski, Surma: J. Physique, 48, C6–27 (1987). Cf. Artsimovich: Elementarnaya fizika plazmy, Atomizdat, Moskva 1969.
[10] Rakhou, Puentes: The future is Hydrogen – Jules Verne’s style travel blog across the globe, https://lnkd.in/d5RJch74
[11] Cold Fusion Times https://lnkd.in/dy4g_KGa ; Cf. Cold Fusion: Advances in Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, edited by J.-P. Biberian, (Elsevier, 2020); eBook ISBN: 9780128159453.
[12] critique: Ball: Nature 569, 601 (2019); Josephson: Nature 490, 37 (2012); Ball: Nature 489, 34 (2012); Huizenga: Cold Fusion The Scientific Fiasco of the Century (Oxford U. Press, NY 1993); Schwinger: Prog. Theor. Phys. 85,711 (1991).
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